1. Disease Transfer
Most domestic pets have the potential to spread disease to their human companions. Hedgehogs are no exception. Although disease transmission between hedgehog and hum in not common, it can potentially happen with such diseases as salmonellosis and external parasites. The best prevention for disease transmission is to use good hygiene around hedgehogs or any other pet for that matter. This means washing your hands thoughoughly after handling your pet, particularly before eating. Do not wash hedgehog food and water containers or cages in or near human food preparation areas. You do not need to be afraid of your hedgehog because the likelihood of picking up a disease from a person you are in contact with is far greater than contracting a disease from your pet. The key disease prevention is common sense and consistent hygienic habits around your hedgehog and other pets.
2. Skin Disease
Skin disease is one of the most common reasons that pet African hedgehogs need to see a veterinarian. Normal hedgehog skin should be smooth with occasional small flakes of dried skin. If you notice heavy flaking, quill loss or hair loss, scabs, redness, ragged or crusted ears or swollen, crusted pawas there is a problem. In addition, some hedgies will be scratching at themselves constantly. The most common skin disease is caused by a microscopic sarcoptid mange mite. This parasite lives and breeds on the skin and can be transmitted from hedgehog to hedgehog by direct contact. Your vet can diagnose the presence of the parasite by examining a small scraping of skin under the microscope for mites and eggs.
3. Obesity
Obesity is a common problem for hedgehogs in captivity. It can be caused by an excessive diet and/or too little exercise. These animals run on instinct and cannot be disciplined as you would a dog or a cat. Put a hedgehog in a 10- or 20-gallon aquarium with no exercise and he will likely become fat or difficult to handle. Hedgehogs need a large cage so they have space for exercise. Once a hedgehog becomes fat in captivity, it usually also become sluggish. Overweight hedgehogs have shortened life spans and are more prone to a variety of illnesses including fatty liver disease, heart disease, and respiratory disease. Because they vary in size due to genes and activity levels, it is difficult to know what a healthy pet looks like. The belly of a hedgehog held in your palm should feel flat, neither protuding and soft nor concave and bony. Although hedgehogs may range in weight from 11-20 ounces, their weight is definitely an issue to keep in mind. Weighing them on a small scale that measures 2-5 pounds works well, and you should always have them weighed at vet visits. When you start out with your new hedgehog, weigh it to get a beginning weight. You can also ask the breeder or pet store to do this for you before you bring your animal home. Start by feeding one tablespoon or dry food every day. Youn hedgehogs should gain about one ounce of weight per week until they reach twelve weeks of age. At that point, their weight will begin to stabilize. A hedgehog is usually considered mature at six months of age and should cease to gain weight at this point. Adjust the amount of the dry food up or down, depending on the activity level of your pet. Some small hedgehogs eat twice as much as their larger counterparts because they are more active or have a different metabolic rate. However, nursing mothers should be offered dry food freely.
4. Parasites
Hedgehogs can be infested with the same fleas and ticks that are found on cats and dogs. A tick should be removed by firmly grasping it as close to its attachment to the skin as possible and pulling it out. The area can be cleaned with a skin disinfectant afterwards. Fleas can be eradicated by using a mild flea shampoo or flea powder that is safe for cats. Hedgehogs can also develop fungal disease of the skin ("ringworm") most commonly caused by an organism called Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This fungus can also affect cats, dogs and humans. The signs of the disease are similar to those seen with mange mites, the the hedgehog is usually not itchy. The lesions appear primarily around the face and ears with dry, crusty and scaly skin. A veterinarian can make the diagnosis by plucking some affected hair or quills and performing a fungal culture. It is necessary to treat all the hedgehogs that might have had contact with the infected one. In addition, other household pets should be examined by your vet and may also by treated. Skin lesions on humans may appear as slightly raised red patches, usually in a circular pattern. A few weeks after getting Abby, we noticed a few patches of ringworm, and took her to the vet for treatment which consisted of oral and topical medication. The standard treatment is to then bathe in Imaverol solution every 3 or 4 days, for 4 baths and provide them with an anti-fungal medicine. Abby took her medicine twice a day and was rewarded on an intermittent schedule. Because of getting a mealworm after taking the medication, or maybe the fact that she knew it was helpful; she never caused a problem while taking her medicine. However, the bath smelled strongly like rotten eggs and it was not my favorite part of the treatment.
5. Eye problems
Moving further along, the eyes can suffer a number of problems, such as things getting poked into them, or caught around the eyelid, injuries from being struck by unpadded spokes on a wheel, or even cataracts. A vet visit is almost always in order. Don't fret if your hedgehog does lose his sight or even an eye -- hedgies do just fine when blind since their primary sense is smell, and hearing is secondary, with vision a distant third.
6. Ear Problems
The most common disease that afflicts the ears of the hedgehog is mange mites. The second most common is fungal disease. The normal hedgehog ear appearance is thing, nearly hairless skin with a smooth edge. There should be little or no wax present in the ear canal. The signs of both fungal and parasitic disease are similar and include crusting and thickening of the ear edges, ragged ear edges, flaking of the skin on the ear flap, and sometimes accumulation of wax in the ear canal. In addition, hedgehogs can be infested with the same ear mites that can affect cats, dogs, and ferrets. The signs include excessive ear wax and frequent scratching at the ears. Hedgehogs can also develop bacterial ear infections. The discharge in the ear will be of a more liquid consistency than normal ear wax and will often have a foul smell. If a hedgehog develops an inner ear infection, it may exhibit a head tilt or circle to one side. Damage to the brain can also cause these signs, so it is wise to get medical attention as soon as possible.
7. Nutritional Disease/Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome
In addition to obesity, there is a condition called hepatic lipidosis which is an excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Fat cells replace liver cells until the liver can no longer function normally. The hedgehog becomes lethargic, depressed, loses its appetite and may exhibit bizarre behavior such as seizuring and unusual aggression. These signs are due to the buildup of toxic waste products, such as ammonia, in the blood, which then affect the brain. Liver disease can be diagnosed with blood tests, X rays, ultrasound and liver biopsy if necessary. Treatment for obesity and fatty liver disease is directed at reducing the fat in the diet and increasing exercise. Other medications may be used as needed. Hepatic lipidosis can be reversed if it is caught in time. While there are many conditions that can result in some degree of wobbliness (beyond the normal waddling gait of a hedgehog), the term ``Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome'' has come to be applied to what is now considered to be a neurological disorder. In short, WHS (wobbly hedgehog syndrome)is a progressive, degenerative, neurological disease, the cause of which is still uncertain. There are no known cures, but there are treatments and supportive care you can give that may extend their life and certainly add quality to it. This disease acts much like Multiple Sclerosis does in humans, and may have a rapid onset, though more often the onset is gradual. The hind legs are often affected first, and then the paralysis spreads to the front legs and other parts of the body. Sometimes the paralysis affects one side of the body, and your hedgehog will begin tipping over and unable to stay upright. A series of case studies was done and they revealed that the onset of symptoms in most cases occurs between the ages of 18 and 24 months, although this disease has also been known to strike both younger and older hedgehogs. Hedgehogs with WHS will often experience weight loss, due in part to their inability to get to their food dishes (much can be done to help this) and in the advance stages of this disease, they become completely immobilized. In the cases that were studied, death occurred between 6 weeks and 19 months after the onset of symptoms. The problem generally appears as a progressive paralysis, usually starting at the tail end of the spine and working its way toward the nose. The rate of progression can vary greatly, sometimes taking only weeks, other times spanning a year or longer. It usually appears in adults over a year old, but it can occur in even very young hedgehogs. The cause of this problem is very likely genetic, probably in some ways due to the very small and shrinking gene pool from which our little friends are bred from. This problem can be very hard to diagnose, and generally will only be known with any certainty after a detailed necropsy. Other, possibly more common causes of wobbling or paralysis can stem from strokes, injuries, or tumors. In the case of injuries, treatment (assuming you or your vet can determine that an injury occurred) will depend on just what kind of injury it was. For strokes, which do happen to hedgehogs, there will often be improvement over time. For tumors, surgery or steroids may help. One other factor that may be responsible for some types of wobbly hedgehogs, especially in cases where multiple unrelated hedgehogs are affected, is from some sort of dietary deficiency. Exactly what is lacking, or in excess, is not known. This particular form of wobbly hedgehog syndrome seems to only affect hedgehogs which are raised on cat food, and generally not supplemented with vitamins, as opposed to one of the better foods now on the market. Hedgehogs which have had supplements, or which eat a good, balanced hedgehog food do not appear to show any signs of this problem. As yet, there is no scientific answer as to why, but a change in diet might be worth trying.
8. Cancer
Unfortunately, a large percentage of the captive African hedgehog population is prone to developing cancer as they age. Cancer has been reported affecting almost every organ in the body. Signs of disease vary depending on the area affected. The treatment is based on the organ(s) affected and may even include chemotherapy. It is unknown at this time why African hedgehogs have such a high cancer rate, but perhaps over time the answer will reveal itself as more is learned about this pet.
Sat Apr 28, 2012 11:43 am
